Which characteristic generally differentiates ceramics from metals?

Ceramics are distinct from metals in that they generally exhibit lower thermal conductivity. This characteristic is significant because it influences how materials are used in various applications. Ceramics excel at insulating against heat compared to metals, which typically conduct heat much better. The structure of ceramics, which often includes ionic or covalent bonding, contributes to their poor thermal conductivity. In contrast, metals have metallic bonding that allows electrons to move freely, facilitating thermal and electrical conductivity.

This property of ceramics makes them suitable for high-temperature applications or situations where thermal insulation is critical, such as in furnace linings or thermal barrier coatings. Their lower thermal conductivity enhances their effectiveness as insulators when compared to metals, guiding designers and engineers in selecting materials based on thermal performance needs.